\section{Abstractions}
\label{sec:abstractions}

The basic representation of code in this API is the control flow
graph (CFG). Binary code objects are represented as regions of contiguous bytes that, when parsed, form the nodes and edges of this graph. The following abstractions make up this CFG-oriented representation of binary code:

% CFG representation abastractions
%
% Function, Block, and Edge
\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=0pt,label=$\circ$]


{\item {\scshape block}: Nodes in the CFG represent \emph{basic blocks}:
straight line sequences of instructions $I_i \ldots I_j$ where for each $i < k
\le j$, $I_k$ postdominates $I_{k-1}$. Importantly, on some instruction set architectures basic blocks can \emph{overlap} on the same address range---variable length instruction sets allow for multiple interpretations of the bytes making up the basic block.
}

{\item {\scshape edge}: Typed edges between the nodes in the CFG represent
execution control flow, such as conditional and unconditional branches,
fallthrough edges, and calls and returns. The graph therefore represents both
\emph{inter-} and \emph{intraprocedural} control flow: traversal of nodes and
edges can cross the boundaries of the higher level abstractions like
\emph{functions}.
}

{\item {\scshape function}: 
The \emph{function} is the primary semantic grouping of code in the binary, 
mirroring the familiar abstraction of procedural languages like C. 
Functions represent the set of all basic blocks reachable from 
a \emph{function entry point} through intraprocedural control flow 
only (that is, no calls or returns). 
Function entry points are determined in a variety of ways, 
such as hints from debugging symbols, recursive traversal along call edges and 
a machine learning based function entry point identification process.
}

{\item {\scshape loop}: The \emph{loop} represents code in the binary that may execute repeatedly,
corresponding to source language constructs like \emph{for} loop or \emph{while} loop.
We use a formal definition of loops from ``Nesting of Reducible and Irreducible Loops" by Paul Havlak.
We support identifying both natural loops (single-entry loops) and irreducible loops (multi-entry loops).
}


\end{itemize}

% binary code representation abstractions
%
% code object, code source, and instruction source
\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=0pt,label=$\circ$]

{\item {\scshape code object}: A collection of distinct code regions are represented as a single code object, such as an executable or library. Code objects can normally be thought of as a single, discontiguous unique address space. However, the ParseAPI supports code objects in which the different regions have overlapping address spaces, such as UNIX archive files containing unlinked code.
}% end code object

{\item {\scshape instruction source}: An instruction source describes a backing store containing binary code. A binary file, a library, a memory dump, or a process's executing memory image can all be described as an instruction source, allowing parsing of a variety of binary code objects.
}% end instruction source

{\item {\scshape code source}: The code source implements the instruction source interface, exporting methods that can access the underlying bytes of the binary code for parsing. It also exports a number of additional helper methods that do things such as returning the location of structured exception handling routines and function symbols. Code sources are tailored to particular binary types; the ParseAPI provides a SymtabAPI-based code source that understands ELF, COFF and PE file formats.
}% end code source

\end{itemize}